An Introduction to Machine Translation.
W.J. Hutchins and H. Somers. Academic Press. 1992.

Readings in Machine Translation.
Somers, Harold and Nirenburg, Sergei and Wilks, Yorick.
MIT Press. Amsterdam 2002.
http://www.ccl.umist.ac.uk/staff/harold/readings.html

Machine Translation: A Knowledge-based Approach.
Nirenburg, Sergei and Carbonell, Jaime and Tomita, Masaru and Goodman, Kenneth.
Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. 2000.

Verbmobil: a translation system for face to face dialog.
M. Kay and J.M. Gavron and P. Norvig.
CSLI Publications. Stanford, California. 1994.

Machine Translation (MT) is the fully automatic translation from one human language into another one. Machine translation has been worked on since the 1950s. There are a number of commercial products available and in daily use, but there are still open research problems. Tranfer-based MT has a set of transfer rules for each language pair, so that n*(n-1) rule sets are necessary for MT between n languages. In contract, interlingua-based MT uses a language-independent representation into which all source languages are analysed and from which all target languages is generated. Most practically usable MT systems are tranfser-based. Recently, there have been interestinv developments in statistical MT algorithms which are trained on parallel corpora of translated texts, and are very useful for constructing MT systems for new language pairs.