Cole, Ronald and Mariani, Joseph and Uszkoreit, Hans and Varile, G. B. and Zaenen, Annie and Zampolli, Antonio and Zue, Victor W. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 1997.

Grammars are descriptions of linguistic knowledge, based on a linguistic theory, and encoded in a formal language called a grammar formalism. Grammars in the narrow sense are focussed on syntax, grammars in the wider sense include morphology and semantics. Important criteria for grammar formalisms are their expressiveness and their computational properties.